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Religion and Social Reform
Roots of Reform
From 1801 for years a blessed revival of religion spread through almost the entire inhabited parts of the West....The Presbyterians and Methodists in a great measure united in this work, met together, prayed together, and preached together....
They would erect their camps with logs or frame them, and cover them with clapboards or shingles. They would also erect a shed, sufficiently large to protect five thousand people from wind and rain, and cover it with boards or shingles; build a large stand, seat the shed, and here they would collect together from forty to fifty miles around, sometimes further than that. Ten, twenty, and sometimes thirty ministers of different denominations would come together and preach night and day, four or five days together....
A new exercise broke out among us, called the jerks, which was overwhelming in its effects upon the bodies and minds of the people. No matter whether they were saints or sinners, they would be taken under a warm song or sermon, and seized with a convulsive jerking all over, which they could not by any possibility avoid, and the more they resisted the more they jerked....I have seen more than five hundred persons jerking at one time in my large congregations....The first jerk or so, you would see their fine bonnets, caps, and combs fly; and so sudden would be the jerking of the head that their long loose hair would crack almost as loud as a wagoner's whip.
Peter Cartwright
1. Why did the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in history to improve society through social reform?
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse?
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion?
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the early 19th century?
Social Reform
Reading 1:
The elementary schools throughout the state are irresponsible institutions, established by individuals, from mere motives of private speculation or gain, who are sometimes destitute of character, and frequently of the requisite attainments and abilities. From the circumstance of the schools being the absolute property of individuals, no supervision or effectual control can be exercised over them; hence, ignorance, inattention, and even immorality, prevail to a lamentable extent among their teachers.
Working Man's Advocate, 1830
Reading 2:
The scheme of Universal Equal Education at the expense, is virtually "Agrarianism." It would be a compulsory application of the means of the richer, for the direct use of the poorer classes; and so far an arbitrary division of property among them....One of the chief excitements to industry...is the hope of earning the means of educating their children respectably ...that incentive would be removed, and the scheme of state and equal education be a premium for comparative idleness, to be taken out of the pockets of the laborious and conscientious.
Philadelphia National Gazette, 1830
Reading 3:
I believe in the existence of a great, immortal, immutable principle of natural law...which proves the absolute right to an education of every human being that comes into the world; and which, of course, proves the correlative duty of every government to see that the means of that education are provided for all....
Massachusetts is parental in her government. More and more, as year after year rolls by, she seeks to substitute prevention for remedy, and rewards for penalties. She strives to make industry the antidote to poverty, and to counterwork the progress of vice and crime by the diffusion of knowledge and the culture of virtuous principles.
Horace Mann, 1846
Reading 4:
I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience....
I have seen many who, part of the year, are chained or caged. The use of cages all but universal....I encountered during the last three months many poor creatures wandering reckless and unprotected through the country.
Dorothea Dix, 1843
Reading 5:
The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice....
He has made her, if married, in the eyes of the law civilly dead.
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns....
He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employment, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration.
He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction, which he considers most honorable to himself....
He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education--all colleges being closed against her....
He has created a false public sentiment, by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society, are not only tolerated but deemed of little account in man....
He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life."Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" of the 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, Women's Rights Convention
Reading 6:
Intemperance is the sin of our land, and, with out boundless prosperity, is coming in upon us like a flood; and if anything shall defeat the hopes of the world, which hang upon our experiment of civil liberty, it is that river of fire, which is rolling through the land, destroying the vital air, and extending around an atmosphere of death.
Lyman Beecher, 1826
Reading 7:
We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created temperate; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain natural and innocent desires; that among these are the appetite for cold water and the pursuit of happiness! that to secure the gratification of these propensities fountains and streams are gushing....
Manifesto of the Washington Total Abstinence Societies, 1841
Reading 8:
[How] will reformation and temperance be secured...? Never except through the instrumentality of the law. If it were possible to reason the drunkard into sobriety, it would not be possible to make the rumseller forego his filthy gains....The only logic he will comprehend, is some such ordinance...coming to him in the shape and with the voice of law--you shall not sell.
American Temperance Magazine, 1852
Reading 9:
We register our testimony, not only against all wars, whether offensive or defensive, but all preparations for war; against every naval ship, every arsenal, every fortification; against the militia system and a standing army; against all military chieftains and soldiers; against all monuments commemorative of victory over a fallen foe, all trophies won in battle, all celebrations in honor of military or naval exploits; against all appropriations for the defense of a nation by force and arms...every edict of government requiring of its subjects military service.
Declaration of Sentiments, Boston Peace Convention, 1838
Reading 10:
Under our system of isolated and separate households, with separate interests and separate pursuits, instead of association and combination among families, there is the most deplorable waste, which is one of the primary sources of the general poverty that exists; and discord, antagonism, selfishness, and an anti-social spirit are engendered. Woman is subjected to unremitting and slavish domestic duties...a dead rebuke to all pretensions to Democracy....A new social order [should] be established, based upon "Associated households"....
Albert Brisbane
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did opponents of public schools respond?
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America?
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates?
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin?
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers.
Abolitionism
Reading 1:
Assenting to the "self-evident truth" maintained in the American Declaration of Independence, "that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights"...I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfranchisement of our slave population....
I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice....Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;--but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest--I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single inch--And I Will Be Heard.
William Lloyd Garrison
Reading 2:
That every American citizen, who detains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is, according to Scripture, a man-stealer:
That the slaves ought instantly to be set free, and brought under the protection of the law....
That all those laws which are now in force, admitting the right of slavery, are therefore, before God, utterly null and void; being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative, a daring infringement on the law of nature, a base overthrow of the very foundations of the social compact, a complete extinction of all the relations, endearments and obligations of mankind, and a presumptuous transgression of all the holy commandments; and that therefore they ought instantly to be abrogated.
American Anti-Slavery Society's Declaration of Sentiments
Reading 3:
It is not by argument that the abolitionists have produced the present unhappy excitement. Argument has not been the characteristic of their publications. Denunciations of slaveholding as man-stealing, robbery, piracy, and worse than murder; subsequent vituperation of slaveholders as knowingly guilty of the worst of crimes; passionate appeals to the feelings of the inhabitants of the northern States; gross exaggeration of the moral and physical condition of the slaves, have formed the staple of their addresses to the public....There is in this conduct such a strange want of adaptation of the means to the end which they profess to have in view, as to stagger the faith of most persons in the sincerity of their professions, who do not consider the extreme to which even good men may be carried, when they allow one subject to take exclusive possession of their minds.
Charles Hodge
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
11 comments:
Sebastian and Angela.
1. Why did the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in history to improve society through social reform?
No one believed it at first, so all the people first had to be persuaded to be loyal to social reform.
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse?
The sources came from 10 to 30 ministers who traveled all to one place to tell the people about their plans.
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion?
The people would work together, pray and preach together. Also they would jerk Uncontrollably.
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the early 19th century?
Many people were persuaded and the church membership told stories to make them loyal.
Kris Parente Alyssa Rivera.
Roots to Reform-1:Because of the rise of the Industrial Revolution.
2:Presbyterians and Methodists from the West.
3:Living as one, Ministers coming to preach from different denominations.
4: tone of European Immigrants and the second great Awakening.
Reading 10-1: Standardized tests, broader classes with women allowed, they where angry.
2:More Remorse for Insane, the first insane Asylum is opened in Auburn.
3:They could not vote, could not own land if they where married, once married all land was stripped from their name and had no control over the children.
4:Because it limited families made them poor and was naughty.
5:To make this prefect Utopia where everything was bountyfull in nature.
Reading3-1:Because in the North where most abolitionists lived they where generally segregated from most slave activity.
2:Because it was cruel and unusual punishment, the slaves where treated harsh,and they believed the slave owners where money grubbing whores.
3:At certain times but sometimes they social race will not take the fall for their wrong doings and want to succeed from the country.
Sara D. & Michelle G.-
1. The Industrial Revolution caused many problems in society to come to light.
2. A source of the reform impulse was a recent revival of religion.
3. The basic characteristics of revivalistic religion included mass meetings of church-goers, praying together with others, and preaching with others.
4. Church membership increased rapidly due to the fact that people were losing faith during the Industrial Revolution and wanted to gain back that faith.
1. An argument in favor of public schooling were that there would be educated people who were eligible to vote. Opponents of public schooling said that because people were unable to work on the farms and the farms would lose money. They also said that the areas supporting the school would lose the tax dollars.
2. The plight of the mentally ill was that there were beaten in jails and they were treated with cruelty because of their condition.
3. Women did not have rights to their property, only the husband could apporve contracts and divorce, men would tend to deny their wives an education, and committed other would-be attrocities.
4. Drinking was considered a cardinal sin because women would being abused by men and because of the religious revival, drinking was being considered to go against their beliefs and was seen as a sin.
5. Other pre-Civil War reformers were aiming to get rid of slavery (abolitionists), they were out to reform the prisons, they wanted to help the mentally ill, and they wanted to procure women's rights.
1. People began to see slavery as morally wrong in the late eighteenth century because a revival of religion showed them that all individuals were equal.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
Abolitionists considered slavery to be wrong because slavers were treated no better then property and to the abolitionists, that went against all of their beliefs.
3. We don't think that agitation and denunciation are an effective way of opposing a social wrong-doing because the anger will only increase tension between the two groups and they will not be able to find a common ground.
1. Why did the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in history to improve society through social reform? The prebesberians and methodists stuck together.
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse? Religion and politics
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion? Where people believe in something together as a group and share beliefs.
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the early 19th century? Because a revival of religion spread across america.
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did opponents of public schools respond? We didnt have enough education
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America? Dorthea Dix started asylums where the mentaly ill would be treated good and not unequal as they did.
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates? they were treated unfairly and they couldnt vote and they werent able to do anything without their husbands permission.
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin? when men would dink they would get drunk and beat their family.
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers. They was a contreversy against slavery.
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong? You cannot own another man.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong? Because you cannot own another man.
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
1) There was a lot of immigrants coming to the US which brought many new religions to America.
2)The Presbyterians and the Methodist.
3)Many of the different religions did different things like pray together and what not.
4) People where finally interested in there religion causing the second great awakening.
1)People argued it to be free for the white people of America.
2)They where living in really bad conditions in Prison.
3) Women were unable to vote, or own land if married.
4) Men who drank alcohol ended up drunk , and when they went back home they started beating and hitting their children and wives.
5) Some aims of the abolitionist where to try and free slaves.
1) In the north abolitionist were segregated from slave activity.
2) The slaves where treated really poor and slaves thought there owners were greedy.
3) I don't think it is a good way of stating what you did wrong because that will just cause major differences between other groups.
Sebastian and Angel,
Social Reform
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did opponents of public schools respond?
You have to give students attention, dont ignore them, The schools are created to let children develope their skills and abilities. The opposition said that creating schools is another way to be richer and useag of the poor classes.
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America?
The menatally ill were chained, kept in closets, and whipped. They weren't given proper medication or proper living facotrs in their mental hospitals.
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates?
They couldn't vote, own property adn anything they did, they had to get their husbands permission.
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin?
They belived that drinking broke up families, and that drinking would just bring you down and make you poor, with no property that could be lost.
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers.
Women wanted their freedom as voting and owning proerty, blacks wanted freedom and Dorothea Dix wanted better rights for the mantelly.
Olivia Kuros and Emma Malefakis
1. Why did the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in history to improve society through social reform?
None of the people believed it or cared about it at first. They were having riots and getting out of hand, so they brought in religion to become loyal.
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse?
The sources were from 10 to 30 ministers who traveled all to one place to tell the people about their plans. They created camps and groups such as "the jerks" to get their ideas across.
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion?
Revivalistic religion is when the people would work together and preach and pray about their beliefs.
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the early 19th century?
It gave people a sense of belonging and acceptance to be with a church. They jerked together and established common ground which they can bond over.
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did opponents of public schools respond?
Many thought that public schools were made to "mold" the students to perfection, however others opposed by naming them irresponisble institutions.
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America?
There was a outbreak of mental illness and the persecution of them in the 19th century. They were placed in cages and beat with rods, and this was accepted.
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates?
Women weren't allowed to have many of the privledges men did during the early 19th cenutury. They couldnt vote, initiate a divorce, or sign anything leagally without her husbands permission. These were the rights women fought for.
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin?
Drinking was a sin because it was claimed to be the cause of breaking up families, poverty, and mental illness.
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers.
More goals of civil war reformers were to create a "utopia" of a nation. They wanted to stop poverty and help the prisoners and mentally ill. Many women fought for womans rights and free education for all children.
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?
This is because before the late 18th century, the industrial revolution took place. This caused a greater need for slaves to work machines such as the cottin gin. Also enlightenment ideas may have influenced and motivated ideas opposing slavery.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
Slavery violated everything America stood for. If the Constitution protected all the rights of man, were the slaves not men too? It was these ideas which fueled abolitionists.
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
I believe that they aren't effective ways of opposing social evil. They just cause people to rally together and these rallies are rarely considered seriously just being considered a nuisance. To obliderate social evil people must band together positively
Sebastian and Anglea,
Abolitionalism
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?
More religious figures belived that slavery was against God's will.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
Slaves were also people like them and God didn't want any people to be ruled or mastered by other humans.
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
Yes, because the people could express their feelings.
Roots of Reform
1. More people began immigrating to the U.S. and the mixture of these people through religion, culture and tradition influenced the social reform
2. The sources of the reform was by a group of travelling ministers
3.Revivalistic religions worked as a unit. They prayed, worked, lived, ate, and preached together.
4.We believe Church membership increased during the 19th century because more people began to be persuaded by the ministers.
Social Reform
1.Many argued that every person had a right for education, that it would improve industry, improve the nation,that education would prevent the nation from repeating the same mistakes, and that education would reduce pverty. Many argued against education because it would disrupt agrarians and they said that the goverment was being selfish.
3.The mentally ill were not not seen as people. They were treated very cruelly and had no place in society.
4.Women did not have any rights to anything in the 19th century. They were not allowed to own property, vote, have certain jobs,and were considered less than men.
us history
susan asadi and frannkie
1. Why d id the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in history to improve society through social reform?
The early 19th century witnessed the first secular society through social reforms because people were more tolerant of other peoples religion.
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse?
The sources of the reform impulse were the Presbyterians and Methodists
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion?
People were really close to each other. People met together, prayed together, and preached together....
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the early 19th century?
The church memberships increased rapidly during the early 19th century because
Many people were persuaded and the church membership told stories to make them loyal. It was the second great awakening.
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did opponents of public schools respond?
The arguments that were advanced in favor of public schools was the hope of earning the means of educating their children respectably. They also wanted Standardized tests, broader classes with women allowed.
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America?
In the early 19th century the mentally ill were treated plight because people thought they were inferior to them and operations did not help them at all.
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates?
Women who owned property were no longer the owners. Once they got married they didn’t have a right to it. Only husbands can aproove a contract or a divorce. Men would usually deny their wives an education and they had the right to their children after a divorce.
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin?
Drinking was considered a cardinal sin because men were abusing their wives and were being considered to go against their beliefs and was seen as a sin.
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers.
Other pre-Civil War reformers were aiming to get rid of slavery. they wanted to help the mentally ill and wanted to procure womens rights.
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?
A large number of individuals considered slaveruy to be morally wrong untill the late 18th century because a revival of religion showed them that all individuals were equal.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
Abolitionists considered slavery to be wrong because slaves were treated no better then property and they went against their belieifs.
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
Agitation and denunciation is an effective way of opposing a social evil because the anger willl increase tension and they will not be able to find a common ground.
1. Why did the early 19th century witness the first secular efforts in
history to improve society through social reform?
The early 19th century witnessed the first secular efforts in history
to improve society through social reform because of the rise of
Industrial Revolution.
2. What were the sources of the reform impulse?
The sources of the reform impulse were the Presbyterians and the Methodists.
3. Describe the basic characteristics of revivalistic religion?
The basic characteristics of revivalistic religion were a
predominantly North American Protestant phenomenon in which itinerant
preachers exhort their hearers to accept forgiveness of personal sin
through faith in Jesus Christ and to commit themselves to spiritual
self discipline and religious exercises such as prayer, Bible reading,
and church support. Also in the revivalistic religion they believed in
living as one.
4. Why do you think church membership increased rapidly during the
early 19th century?
I think that the church membership increased rapidly during the early
19th century because of the Second Great Awakening and the European
immigrants.
1. What arguments were advanced in favor of public schools? How did
opponents of public schools respond?
Arguments were advanced in favor of public schools such as classes
with both genders (women) and the standardized test’s.
2. Describe the plight of the mentally ill in early l9th century America?
The plight of the mentally ill in early 19th century America More
Remorse for Insane, the first insane Asylum is opened in Auburn.
3. What disabilities to early l9th century American women live under
according to pre-Civil War women's rights advocates?
Disabilities to early 19th century American women live under according
to pre-Civil War women’s right advocates that they were not able to
vote, they couldn’t own land after marriage, they couldn’t sign into
any legal documents without husband permission, and they had no
control over their children.
4. Why did pre-Civil War temperance reformers consider drinking a cardinal sin?
Pre-Civil War temperance reformers considered drinking a cardinal sin
because they felt that it tore apart ones family in the way that it
made fathers drunk and they ended up beating their wives and children.
5. Describe the aims of other pre-Civil War reformers.
The aims of other pre-Civil War reformers were that they wanted to
make a Utopia surrounded by nature.
1. Why was it not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers
of individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong?
It was not until the late eighteenth century that large numbers of
individuals considered slavery to be morally wrong because in the
North where most abolitionists lived they where generally segregated
from most slave activity.
2. Why did abolitionists consider slavery to be wrong?
Abolitionists considered slavery to be wrong because they were treated
unequally, they were punished for no reason, and it was unfair.
3. Are agitation and denunciation an effective way of opposing a
social evil or do such methods simply breed resistance?
Agitation and denunciation are sometimes an effective way of opposing
a social evil. However sometimes the social race wont accept and take
the blame for what they have done.
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