- Booker T. Washington
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- Redeemers
- Populist Party
- Jim Crow laws
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- "Atlanta Compromise" speech
- Great Plains
- Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
- "Fifty-niners"
- Promontory, Utah
- Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
- Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
- George Custer
- Little Bighorn
- Homestead Act of 1862
- Dust Bowl
- rancheros
- "Sooners"
- Frederick Jackson Turner
- The Gilded Age
- Cornelius Vanderbilt
- Tammany Hall
- Union and Central Pacific
- Credit Mobilier
- Whiskey Ring Scandal
- James A. Garfield
- Gould and Fiske
- Andrew Carnegie
- J.P. Morgan
- John D. Rockefeller
- Social Darwinism
- Interlocking Directorate
- Interstate Commerce Commission
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- Captain of Commerce
- Knights of Labor
- American Federation of Labor
- Commonwealth v. Hunt
- Terence V. Powderly
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3 comments:
if we write them will we get extra credit?
Sure...
guess what mr t? my printer isnt working... so now im gunna post all of my definitions. fuunnn
Booker T. Washington
An African American educator that believed all racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to the society. In favor, he won support from whites. He gave the “Atlanta compromise” speech.
W.E.B. Du Bois
The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard. He founded the Niagra movement, which urged and encouraged blacks to be educated in liberal arts, giving the black community educated leaders.
Redeemers
…huh?...
Populist Party
Officially named “The People’s Party” but mostly known as Populist Party, founded in 1891. They wrote a platform for the 1892 election, asking for many government forms that would benefit farmers.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws made by the southern states and local governments, separating blacks and white in all facilities.
Pressy vs. Ferguson
A court case ruling that the separation of blacks and whites wasn’t violating any laws. This led to the “Separate but equal” doctrine.
“Atlanta Compromise” speech
Given by Booker T. Washington, his audience, predominately white. It was known as one of the most important and influential speeches in American History. He spoke, in hopes that this would be evidence of the racial progress in the South.
Great Plains
Grassland that extends from Texas to Canada, located on the east side of the Rocky Mountains.
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
A former slave who became a leader in the “Great Exodus”. He escaped to freedon in 1846 and became a Civil Rights Leader.
“59ers”
A group of over 100,000 gold seekers who rushed to the Rocky Mountains in 1859. They took themselves west of the Kansas Territory discovered that there was no gold, Pikes Peak (the area where they were) became the first visible landmark for those traveling West across the High Plains.
Promontory Utah
Most known for the Promontory Summit, where the country’s first Transcontinental Railroad was created.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs
It was established in 1824. It provides services to 1.7 million natives and Alaska natives. This is an agency the federal government that is responsible for administering and managing the 66 million acres of land that’s legally owned by them.
Davies Severalty act of 1887
Was enacted on February 8th, 1887. This act was to provide the share of the granted land to the Natives. It extended the protection over them as well.
George Custer
1839 - 1876. He was the youngest general in the Union army. He’s remained one of the best known figures in American History and popular mythology long after he died. Custer fought in the 1st battle of Bull Run as well as in Virginia and Gettysburg campaigns.
Little Bighorn (1876)
Was a battle, also known as “Custer’s Last Stand”. it was the most successful action fought by the Natives against the U.S. Army in the west. This battle was a part of the campaign of the 1876, in which the U.S. attempted to force the Sioux tribes onto their reservations.
The Homestead Act
It was made to encourage settlers to move west. All the homesteaders had to do to get the western land was pay a small filing fee and complete 5 years of continuous residence. After that, they could purchase the land for $1.25 an acre. This was important because it helped Americans move west.
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl (or the Dirty Thirties…ha ha what a name) was a period of severe dust storms, which was important because it caused major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion.
Rancheros
All I could find was that this is a Spanish food and a “club for the elite.”
Sooners
People called Bloomers encouraged the settlement of western land. Almost immediately, claimants of those lands began illegally staking out land before the run. A section of the legislation referred to as the "sooner clause" prohibited this practice (staking a claim too soon), so those who persisted became known as Sooners.
Frederick Jackson Turner
(November 14, 1861 – March 14, 1932) was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, a book he wrote. (I would explain what it’s about but the title is pretty self-explanatory). This was important because his book influenced many people.
The Gilded Age
In American history, the Gilded Age refers to major growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1870-1890). This was important because it was an all-time-high in the economy.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
He was a very wealthy man who built his wealth by becoming an American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads. He was important because he was one of the first people in American history to have a monopoly.
Tammany Hall
(Founded May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society, and also known as the Society of St. Tammany, the Sons of St. Tammany, or the Columbian Order), was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. It was important because it usually controlled Democratic Party nominations.
Union and Central Pacific
The Central Pacific Railroad was the California-to-Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America. Many proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the disputes over slavery in Washington. In 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was leased by the Southern Pacific Company, though it technically remained a corporate entity until 1959 when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. The second "transcontinental", the Union Pacific-Central Pacific (Southern Pacific) mainline made up the historic "Overland Route" from Omaha to San Francisco Bay.
Credit Mobilier
In 1867, Dr. William Coles Keeter was replaced as head of the firm by Congressman Oakes Ames. In that year Ames allowed members of Congress to purchase shares at face rather than market value. The story was introduced to the public arena during the Presidential election campaign of 1872 by the newspaper New York Sun, which was against the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant. Henry Simpson McComby, a future executive of the Illinois Central Railroad and an associate of Ames, had leaked compromising letters to the newspaper following a disagreement with Ames. It was claimed that the $72 million in contracts had been given to Crédit Mobilier for building a rail only worth $53 million. Union Pacific and other investors were left nearly bankrupt.
Whiskey Ring Scandel
In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.
James Abram Garfield
He was the 20th President of the United States. He was mortally wounded four months after his inauguration, followed by his death two months later, which makes his tenure the second shortest (after William Henry Harrison) in United States history.
Gould and Fiske
I haven’t got the slightest clue who these people are or what they did… Sorry.
Andrew Carnige
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, and a major philanthropist. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create U.S. Steel. With the fortune he made from business, he turned to philanthropy and interests in education, founding the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Carnegie gave away most of his money to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries, as well as a pension fund for former employees.
J.P Morgan
On several occasions, JP Morgan also helped the government in its finances. In 1877, together with August Belmont and the Rothschilds, they floated $260 million in US government bonds. After the government ran into some gold problems, he bought $200 million worth of government bonds with gold thereby preserving the credit of the United States.
John D. Rockefeller
An American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897.
Social Darwinism
A belief, popular in the late Victorian era in England, America, and elsewhere, which states that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die.
Interlocking Directorate
A corporate directorate that includes one or more members who serve simultaneously in the directorates of other corporations.
Interstate Commerce Commission
A board, consisting of seven members that supervises and regulates all carriers, except airplanes, engaged in interstate commerce.
Sherman Antitrust Act
An act of Congress (1890) prohibiting any contract, conspiracy, or combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade.
Captain of Commerce
?? no idea…??
Knights of Labor
A secret workingmen's organization formed in 1869 to defend the interests of labor.
American Federation of Labor
A federation of trade unions organized in 1886, united with the Congress of Industrial Organizations 1955.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
This was a landmark legal decision issued by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions.
Terence V. Powderly
a well-known national figure as leader of the Knights of Labor from 1879 until 1893.
Chinese immigration
first occurred thousands of years ago, but the mass emigration that occurred from the 19th century to 1949 was mainly caused by wars and starvation in mainland China as well as political corruption.
Burlingame Treaty
made between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868.
"Old" vs. "new" immigrants
old immigrants are from north and west Europe and spoke English
new immigrants are from south and east Europe and didn’t speak English (new immigrants included Jews and Italians)
Dennis Kearney
He was a California populist political leader in the late 19th century, known for his nativist and racist views toward Chinese immigrants.
Workingmen's Party of California
A California labor organization led by Dennis Kearney in the 1870s.
Contract Labor Law of 1864
It was a contract that allowed the recruiting of foreign labor. It was meant to encourage immigration and the United States advertised about great wages. It caused the wage rates to go down, and employees to strike. They often turned to importing cheap labor from Europe to end the strikes.
Emma Lazarus
She was a poet, well known for writing “The New Colossus”, a sonnet, which later was put on the back of the pedestal in the Statue of Liberty.
Ellis Island
This was where the immigrants came when they reached America. It was owned by the federal government and replaced the Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Manhattan, which was owned by the State government.
George Washington Plunkitt
He was a state senator for New York. He made a lot of money and he practiced “Honest Gaft”. He made a lot of his money through land purchases.
National Origins Act of 1924
This law restricted most immigration into the U.S from southern and eastern Europe. They only allowed about two percent of the total people of each nationality. It also excluded Asians completely. This policy continued in effect until the 1960’s.
Mark Twain
He was most popular for writing books like “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. He became friends with presidents, artists, industrialists and European Royalty. He was also called “The Father of Literature”.
Boss Tweed
He was an American Politician. He was once the third largest landowner in New York City. He was elected into the United States House Representatives and he became the “Grand Sachem” of the Tammany Hall. He was convicted of stealing between 40 million and two million dollars. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail.
Jane Addams
She was a founder of the U.S settlement House movement and also one of the first American women to be awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize.
Hull House
It was one of the first settlement houses in the U.S and it soon became the best-known, because of its social, educational and artistic programs. It was very big, with facilities in 13 buildings.
The Salvation Army
It is a Protestant Church denomination that is organized in a quasi-military manner. It is well known for its charity work, and social services. The founders wanted to bring salvation to the poor.
Florence Kelley
She was a social and political reformer and she contributed towards children’s rights. She helped with the child labor laws and conditions. She also previously was an activist for women’s rights and African American civil rights.
Settlement houses
They offered social services and they were often targeted towards the urban poor. These houses offered food, shelter, basic and higher education.
Josiah Strong
He was a Protestant Clergyman and author. He was a founder of the Social Gospel movement. He served as General Secretary of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States. After he was forced out, he created his own group, the League for Social Service.
Political Machines
It’s a disciplined political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters (usually campaign workers), who receive their awards for their great efforts.
Skyscrapers
They are very tall buildings and there really is no true definition of how tall a building has to be to be considered a skyscraper. The Great Pyramid of Ginza in Ancient Egypt was the tallest one until the Cathedral or the Washington Monument.
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